Chapter I fly to the Promised Land

 Chapter I fly to the promised land December 15, 1978, a group of white-haired survivors of the Cultural Revolution, after a marathon 36 days-long political debate, to recapture the initiative of the Chinese Communist Party . In the center of the plenary session was held immediately, these elderly people will be those who are called ultra-leftist Cultural Revolution, their beneficiaries, decisively expelled from the core of power in China. A few days later, Hua Guofeng - this political compete in the biggest loser to do nothing attitude on behalf of his opponents (this number is a bit absurd picture) that: The Chinese Communist Party's focus will shift to modernization. Immediately, 290 representatives to stand and applaud. It is to be historians almost unanimously recognized as a major turning point in modern Chinese history Third Plenary Session of the CPC. At this point, both those losers, or those who echoed the applause, and even the actual director of this process, Deng Xiaoping, himself and his colleagues, probably did not expect them to start this revolution will be so far-reaching impact on their offspring, and completely changed the face of China. Since then dynasties, China's modern history of this period is called the depths of winter to the present, China's reform has gone through 25 years. whether it is the spirit of the times as a theme, or as broad a range, the ubiquitous experimental, value. and the actual mobilization of its scope and depth of China's level of ordinary life in modern Chinese history, Mao Zedong's revolution only to be compared. Although it is far from the surface of the Maoist revolution as romantic and dramatic, but it 1.3 billion Chinese people but did not coerce less power. is precisely because this power grip of the invisible but powerful features of China's reform seems far from being a clear reflection of .25, just a generation's time, history rushed to the beginning of another era, when we had time to chew the reform of the constant turmoil of this time, the realities of China has been constantly reminds us: This is the deconstruction of time. From today back, China's reform can be divided into several stages look. Reform: sunny 1978 first three kinds of Chinese Communist Party Plenum, 1984 urban reform started in China, is China's reform and the sun bright day. this period, the rural reform of China's reform and activation of the axis of the great creative enthusiasm of Chinese farmers. just a few years among the Chinese farmers, with their fight for freedom to the humble, quick to create a magical economic progress. This is an improvement from scratch, the extreme shortage of material with the old memories of the times in stark contrast. these years of economic progress on a more long-term historical look into, and perhaps is negligible. but the formation of China's future, a strong force for reform in any event not be underestimated. because it is such a personal effect on the scratch contrast, the Chinese people for the first time felt a pragmatic Reform of the charm. This is, I believe any experienced people will identify with that era. from the communist ideology, a sudden vacuum in the fall of ordinary Chinese who first discovered the great attraction of secular life. At the same time, was closely closed the door slowly opened for 30 years, along with the Shenzhen and Zhuhai Special Economic Zone to establish a number of rankings, China and the outside world was severed human contact began to recover. The establishment of the HKSAR of China's reform has laid a most solid foundation. This fan Once the windows open, and I never ever close. The establishment of their own land in China, the that the SAR has independent status, not only to give it some kind of ideological resistance to innate immunity to interference, but also to repeated heavy poised to become China's reform and birthplace of the head. HKSAR establishment and survival in China between reform and opening up of China has created a special kind of tension, the Chinese people not only to see the outside world, it can also methods and material affluence of China's reform has been another important source of legitimacy. The SAR on the cover of legitimacy of the role of China's reform has been only in the mid 90's began to decline. the success of rural reform (including township enterprises in the initial generation) and the opening The basic pattern established during this period is a basic feature of Chinese reform. It is not only for the later years of rapid economic growth in China, Xu's model provides an important and material basis, but also for China's reform and legal resources to provide a stable . We even tend to think that China's reform has been able to destroy the resistance in the late 80 survived the political turmoil, fully maintained and takes in both the initial success but the obvious. Obviously, this is a win-win era , every Chinese person in the process to obtain a preliminary but important economic improvement. During this period, China and the Chinese cities of rural income gap narrowed rapidly from 2.5 times to 1.8 times, taking into account the rural population in China the proportion of urban population and the absolute improvement in quality of life, feeling the joy of Chinese people is to have its own. Many people like to use to describe the Pareto improvement of China's reform, reform in China, all the history until today, 1978 the past few years and 1984 is undoubtedly a most perfect Pareto improvement. out of the Mao era, the spiritual world is full of utopian reform, as a way of life began to enter the Chinese people's lives. between optimism that the reform infection and in Chinese society is generally established together. people's hesitation vanished reform. This optimism by one quietly circulated in the Chinese cities on the . For young people today, this story no less irritating at the time of today's Bill Gates or Warren Buffett. Moreover, it is a place in an almost unprecedented wealth, the concept of China? Although the number of these stories with people's jealousy, but more is revealed of the Chinese people longing for the future and confident individual. people optimistic about the future benefits of the reform convinced, it seems that everything will fall into place. Many people even think they need to do is wait for the miracle of the reform happen in their own. by economic progress and the resulting widespread optimism of civil society, the Chinese Communist Party's political landscape has undergone significant changes. to and ideas of Mao's old unit composed of followers of traditional left-wing radical lose power, so that a center of Deng Xiaoping to Hu Yaobang, Zhao Ziyang, the reformist party figures for the front group quickly formed, and the increasing influence. the first time the formation of the Chinese Communist Party a powerful, market-oriented economy as the main reformist. In this period, the reform has become the mainstream of reform within the party elite to grasp the initiative not only in China, people have also reputation. was a women and children's doggerel other party in the assembly stage of the elite seem, these people are often outside habits and simple as foreground characters. precisely that China is known as the conservative 80's party elite, is in fact the survival defects in the Deng Xiaoping reforms, the factional boundary is gradually exposed as the social issues become clear up. So Deng Xiaoping's reforms in the key of the flaws have not exposed before the elite group of hard to find a stage play. In the early '80s, apparently is not the right time to show these people. it is necessary to point out that, during this period, the CPC conservative the elite is to improve the basic economic proposition and not change the old planned economy. We will see that at different times, the basic meaning of the word conservative will be a big difference. a great difference. and the Reform Party School echoes the rapid rise of Chinese intellectuals as an independent self-consciousness began the sudden emergence of the reform group. They are both a product of China's early reform, reform in China is the most powerful response to those people. In a long period of time later China has been the reform of the most prominent intellectuals, but also one of the most powerful groups to promote. Although there are many independent schools movement has a tendency to criticize the Government, but in general, this period is the reform of Chinese intellectuals have been actively supported who would appear. At that time, there is no differentiation as a faith community, the Chinese intelligentsia is undoubtedly the most enthusiastic advocates of reform. best embodies this eager and excited, than the 1984 35th anniversary of the founding ceremony, Beijing University students that a spontaneous play the famous banner reading, reflect the distinct Chinese intellectuals at the time of idealism. No doubt, this is a time filled with joy and expectation. at the time of China, the leaders, elites and the public in terms of emotional opinion or have reached a rare unity. They were kind of naive optimism before the kink of modern society together, it seems to have touched a new era of fetal movement, no, it is almost true. China, the reform is bathed in bright sunshine. faltering journey but we must remember that all this optimism on the reforms are built on such a basis: the logic has not had time to reform the old system of logic with friction. reform is long dead end in the old system, the majority of which will exist in name only rural areas, the so-called SAR is nothing but the old administrative system can not take control of the edge. When combined with the traditional economic system and political power are closely connected with China's reform of the city still do not have a positive conflict, the effect of immediate reform. This period, the Chinese cities is more reform in the enjoyment of farmers to create a miracle, the city no longer is the extreme shortage of daily necessities, endure the torture line, but also lack of basic foodstuffs is no longer the fear of the. In other words, as the traditional economy system of political foundation of Chinese cities, especially cities, have not felt the reforms will bring them and the reality of the psychological pressure on the interest. cities, far from awakening. Chinese people is still not economic interests as a differentiation of homogeneous groups to understand and support the reform. China's reform, is a nice trip. However, under the appearance of happiness, adjustment of interests inherent logic of the reform is bound to play a role, people will soon be happy emotion be tested In 1984, China's grain output reached a record level, which actually means to toiled freedom as the basic characteristics of the rural reform, the effect has been released into the vertex. was also proved that China farmers and urban residents in narrowing the income gap began to widen again, this time, this trend continued until 20 years later. It is from this time onwards, China's reform has entered a more difficult phase. until In 1992 the dramatic spring, the stage in an amazing way to end. On the whole, this stage of China's reform has confused two sides. On the one hand, results of the first phase of reform continue to play a role in incomes and the general progress made in opening up the field to create a consumer a dizzying wave of home appliances and other consumer goods, a symbol of modern quality of life of ordinary Chinese began to quickly enter the home. Most of the Chinese people are to a great extent improved the quality of their lives. On the other hand, urban reform started going astray, and as a starting point, a variety of political, economic and social conflicts start to accumulate. dissatisfaction of abuse of power and inflation concerns caused by reflects accurately Chinese people were puzzled. In fact, for China's reform, the corruption and economic instability is still just the beginning. to urban reform is the main objective of this phase, the reform of 1984 is difficult to be called after is successful. Although still in high economic growth continues, but the growth and reform is not the same thing. This is, today's Chinese people have become increasingly clear to see. The first stage of rural reform in the traditional release of the agricultural sector After a final energy, rural reform chose the direction of another breakthrough. Chinese farmers, with incredible courage to choose new ways to increase revenue - township enterprises. to slash and burn-like township enterprises and urban industry, the advanced nature of the original contest, the results was originally destined. But at that stage, township enterprises have achieved victory in magic. Many people have lagged behind the technology, pollution is serious, despicable means of operation, the township enterprises typically depicted as a negative at the time, but they are indeed real should not be in to win a competition to win. located in the vast unknown of township enterprises that dot the countryside like a city ready to launch one last bastion of the impact will be closely surrounded by Chinese cities, while the city is still mired in the reform Crossroads difficult to extricate themselves. Needless to say, township enterprises in the economic characteristics of obvious waste, but can not hide the nature of township enterprises in the system, a revolutionary. This enterprise reform in China could have been unnecessarily circuitous path, but not be avoided. This is with the potential of Chinese politics at the time the voting structure is inseparable. Here, the political logic of reform in China began to play a role. This results in a strong competition in the final hint: as late as 1992, China's reform The most positive factor is still the farmers. Chinese farmers are still in the system to create the maximum extent permitted by their miracle. Thus we can see to what extent freedom can inspire great economic creation. can imagine, and now So far, the city also has many Chinese people can not understand, those dark, simple and honest people in rural areas how clumsy suddenly to win in this battle? on the secret, a township enterprises in his thick Southern accent home to me Explanation: It is good fortune to enjoy the city were accustomed to. It is the entrepreneur, was able to sell a product the customer is eight units, all the visiting Deputy Secretary again. Kaigegaozou simultaneously with the township and village enterprises the other a very significant thing, is opening in the content and expanding geographically. opening up the points and surfaces, from a few isolated economic zones extend to the majority of the coastal zone, once again depicts the modern history of China appeared in the rooted in daily life. It should be noted that China's rural reform and opening up the coastal zone in combination is not only the deficiencies found in the upgrading of township enterprises export, broader participation in international competition, the freedom of the Chinese domestic economy sense of vision and began to carry it. Perhaps it is more strategic, China's market of the economy resulting from this combination was a more stable anchor, and thus became an independent drive a major force in China's economic growth. In the mid-90s, almost in a market in China's major cities, people can feel the growing strength. The main brands of domestic appliances such almost all the coastal township enterprises and the product of some combination of foreign capital. such as Shunde, Guangdong, Fujian Shishi previously unknown type names, in the city overnight as consumers familiar with the Chinese. In the second phase of China's reform, China's population movement in fact there are two basic directions, first place in the flow of rural that a large number of farmers from agriculture to rural industry locally; the other is the mainland to the coastal flow. township enterprises to absorb the number of the employed population Needless to say, absorbed only by the Pearl River Delta region reached 10 million surplus labor force in the spectrum. with the trend of migration to describe the axis of this phase of growth in China is very apt. this growth momentum distribution of strange urban reform in China's long-term stagnation of the contrast. Unfortunately, we have seen, China the reform of the reform are still farmers, the growth is still mainly the lower classes to create growth with sweat In 1984. a comprehensive urban reform in China wrong choice of the The urban reform from the outset into a quagmire. As the ; the Decentralized success. The simple fact is that in state-owned enterprises to achieve economic growth, but to create faster growth rate of assets and liabilities, to the early nineties this ratio has reached 80%, if taking into account the low state-owned enterprises discounted cash flow capabilities, state-owned enterprises are actually at stake. Of course, the state-owned enterprises also created during this period of rapid growth in other indicators: the rapid growth of the loss (which all need to be made up of a state tax), the rapid growth of the defects and inventory ratio. a county when the discipline of supply and marketing cooperatives in the inventory of stocks that their warehouse in the production of towels and 20 years ago, only to be broken into a picked up a piece of. absurd, these stocks are still included in corporate assets. state-owned enterprises and the relaxation of financial constraints of the poor quality of assets is evident. All of this is to remind people, however: the appearance of growth behind the state-owned enterprises are making huge external diseconomies. This external diseconomies, to solve the pain problem, and its banks piled a mountain of bad debt out of the Chinese economy is becoming a threat to stability in the time bomb. it is nothing in the notes to . As the state-owned enterprises in the traditional political system is essentially a bureaucratic characteristics, the so-called spontaneous reform can not be the same language, and the market economy must have the right spirit of the more mud the other clouds. If the first phase of reform is to give farmers the right, then from the Beginning of the Chinese city in 1984, the reform is to give officials (large and small, officials at all levels) to interests of bureaucrats the power to maximize the primary mode of choice. to free the hands of the bureaucratic system of supervision for the benefit of the entire population, which is tantamount to unrealistic paradox. This reform logic in the mid 80s to mid-90s to the Chinese are: the cyclical inflation and periodic waves of corruption, decentralization is cyclical and cyclical pendulum effect powers. Thus, China's urban economic reform into a game of power within the bureaucracy. In addition to creating a first in China a group of officials and businessmen, and the first batch of ; the Decentralized the welcome. It seems, civil discourse is not only sensitive than the academic community, the wisdom often than academic precision. can not fail to note that from the city since the early 80's reforms and phenomenon, which is the urban individual and private enterprises. These have been referred to as outside the urban underclass. their long-distance trafficking through the simplest but most difficult way to quickly create a wealth of difference between the original city that is called by some These that period were the main institutional innovation. In the traditional hierarchy of difference in almost the same with the humble peasant class status, so that Chinese farmers have the same group of people and the survival instinct and the innovative impulses. However, although the social group of people very eye-catching, but does not constitute the mainstream of the reform at this stage. because the only people in the self-innovation is allowed only within very limited, but the spirit is still the mainstream of top-down ; mode. Well, why China should choose such an a historical accident, or to blame for the level of awareness of the limitations of time. I can not deny the history of China's contingency model of urban reform, it can never play the historical development of the Prophet. But in the explanatory power of these two statements is the pale obvious. In our view, China's urban reform was chosen As China's political structure was the most powerful political voters or even the only, bureaucracy reform model chosen must maximize their own interests is the primary choice. If you choose to reform in the city, model, not only will lose control of the reform process, will also be lost on the class as a whole is difficult to predict the impact of causing. rural bureaucracy is the lowest level in the bureaucracy, is on the border of several SAR in the traditional bureaucratic system is only marginal edge. In today stood tall buildings of the old East Gate, Shenzhen Looking back at the desolate area of Shenzhen, you will suddenly realize: Why did you choose China's reform in the traditional bureaucratic system completely unable to reach the place to start. The answer is very simple, traditional bureaucratic system in this place no interest at all. In rural areas and edge (the edge is not only geographically, but also a political edge, such as urban collective enterprises) to start the reform, not only does not undermine the vested interests of bureaucrats, but also contribute to the bureaucratic system of in order to reform their vested interests to grow. This helps explain why China's reform and opening up and the SAR from the countryside began to choose, and once into the city phase of reform, will take very different pattern. Implicit in this model in the with that, to the small and large bureaucracy with greater power and interests, so that they agree and to promote reform. But, ironically, the Department is to: maximize the welfare bureaucracy can automatically maximize the welfare of the whole society to bring it? As bureaucratic class has a monopoly in the reform of the reform of the power of interpretation, and they did frequently explain to reform and deceive the public. It is clear that the choice of China's reform in 1984 is not accidental, but the political system a not an economic choice, but a political choice. and remember that this is very important, because it is 20 years of reform throughout China, a secret logic of reform in 25 years, our understanding of a key key. the secret The logic is still strong today dominates China's reform path, and has become many major social problems in China Yuan Shu. In a bureaucracy, the most mature and oldest history in the reform of the country (in this tradition, the interests of the bureaucracy is always the first one, no matter how it advertised on the surface) to maximize the interests of the bureaucrats as the driving force for reform and path, perhaps a historical inertia. But in the 20th century for China's reform obviously has some kind of sarcastic elements of modern civilization of mankind. This reform is immoral on the distribution of wealth, injustice and even at that time began to trigger a strong outrage. in the late 1980s, with the city to promote the difficult process of reform Chinese history has been reported most recent onset of stratification. social class in the building for 30 years before the government has maintained a stable homogeneous structure began to collapse, damaged groups and vested interests has been revealed. All of this indicates that the traditional Chinese the disintegration of social class, will be replaced by a new landscape of social class. In other words, the formation of China during the Mao era, Chinese people as a whole has been very difficult to interpret reform. on the part of the reform of discontent and then spread rapidly among the people and understanding the feelings of reform become reality and the complex. People are not standing as the early reform common prosperity began to be short-term, the fragmentation of the. But that does not stop has launched the , rich-poor gap gradually emerged. While these problems were less than in the case of China today, but one just from the extreme stress on equality and justice (no matter how it is actually) out of the national society, this is enough to make the reform of social and psychological In 1988 the basis of tenuous swept all the major cities of China's severe inflation and panic buying, but also gives people the possibility of reform, the next step is full of tension and anxiety. reform, already entered into a cloudy time. Finally, this nervousness, anxiety and anger in April 1989 to June of that spring and summer has been a collective full release. However, this fire into the sky but is the most brutal in modern Chinese history at the expense of the tragedy. It still afflicts many witnesses of the nerve, people shudder and painful. as a social ideal and the endorsement by public sentiment, the Chinese intellectuals became highlights the dual character of this era. the one hand, Chinese intellectuals have made achievements in the reform inspired, on the other hand, they bring to urban reform, the various contradictions in the deep distress. they eager to find a comprehensive system program, trying at once. In this period, the rapid expansion of China's independent intellectual awareness of the feelings they reached the front of reform has become urgent. as a social nerve center of the most sensitive, Chinese intellectuals to speak, in the form of almost concluded that China's reform requires a comprehensive and systematic manner. even though many of the systematic, rational reform program for the protest movement inevitably carries a concealed color and moral outrage, but the reality in China today has proven (and perhaps will continue to show), the Tiananmen movement has shown a history of vision. But this vision and then the actual needs of all sectors in China and understanding than there is still a considerable gap. This makes the Chinese intellectuals of the reform program proposed operation must have means on the attic air. careful analysis of the Chinese intellectuals mistakenly thought it was a radical reform of their full support. Obviously, the Chinese students to convey far more than the Chinese people want. and be able to contact the Chinese intellectuals and the public together, just a mood, a moral outrage. a hunger strike with the skills inspired by the extensive sympathy, so that students and the public to expand the alliance to the extreme size of a flash. But, a sense of morality alone which glue together the alliance is bound to be short-lived. The two distinct demands in a great destruction must be combined with the mass movement, it is definitely a full tragedy. from the line of government reform echoes the warm, direct and 1989 to the streets against the government, Chinese intellectuals in the 80 completed a rapid growth process. The salient features of the growth is high awareness of intellectual independence. will ever get rid of the strong government control, through painful self-reflection and urban reform in the social problems brought about to find an independent performance space. They began to open and empty from time to time in the form of open criticism of government reforms and the pace of reform failures, such criticism in 1988 has actually reached the end of climax. In the winter, almost all the famous university campus have been wriggling in a kind of eager excitement of the atmosphere, colors and political salons and workshops follow. Hu Yaobang's death was such a passion to find a proper channel, however, so an unprecedented social protest movement into the sky. ; type of total liquidation. although the broad participation of the surface, but this prevents us to determine: it is a purely intellectual movement, intellectuals arranged almost all of this movement. Chinese intellectuals strong democratic aspirations with the then Chinese society as a whole rather harsh on the immature form a contrast. attempt to rely on a large-scale crisis of democracy in Chinese society awareness of birth, or even step in and be a democratic system, the Chinese intellectuals not only overestimate their own, but also over-estimated the public. Chinese people do in the a conversation with Western reporters very accurate to say this , the student leaders demonstrated a rare sober. With such a clear exposure of a secret, that is: will the students to link with other sectors of the real basis of merely a